What is the definition of oppression?

Oppression is defined as a systematic and prolonged cruel or unjust treatment that targets individuals or groups based on certain characteristics such as race, gender, sexuality, religion, or socioeconomic status. The first option captures the essence of oppression by emphasizing the existence of cruelty and persecution directed at groups because of their inherent attributes or identities. This definition underscores the broader societal structures and power dynamics that contribute to the subjugation of these groups, often manifesting through discrimination, inequality, and social injustices.

The other options provided do not encompass the full scope of oppression. Stereotyping based on race or ethnicity is just one component of a larger tapestry of oppression; it reflects prejudices rather than the systemic nature of oppression itself. Recognizing personal responsibility for success shifts the focus away from structural inequalities that contribute to oppression, implying a narrative that overlooks the barriers faced by marginalized groups. Lastly, defining oppression solely as white supremacy narrows the concept and does not account for the various forms of oppression faced by different groups beyond race, limiting a full understanding of the complexities involved.